Name:_______________

Science - Period_______

Date:________________

This will be the culminating project for our physics unit on force and motion. To complete it you will be using all the information we have covered to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of force and motion.

You may work in groups of not less than two, nor more than four, although groups of three are strongly recommended. However, each individual must complete and turn in their own lab write-up.

Day: Tasks: Homework:

Monday Introduction of Lab, Begin Part 1 Read entire packet, complete any

Wednesday Brainstorm vehicle ideas Consult computer, friends and family for ideas.

Thursday Share ideas, complete design plan Collect construction materials

Friday Work on vehicle construction Write title and hypothesis, start materials list

Monday Continue vehicle construction Continue materials list and write procedure as you construct vehicle

Tuesday Finish and test vehicle Finish writing procedure

Wednesday Make any necessary adjustments Draw diagram and begin answering questions.

Thursday Demonstrations Finish questions and conclusion

Friday Final demonstrations and lab turn in

The points will be distributed as follows:

- Data = 36 points (1 point for each piece of data and calculation)

- Questions = 20 points (#1-3 are 3 points each, #4 is 5 points, #5 is 6 points)

- Conclusion = 9 points

- Demonstration = 15 points

- Lab Write-up = 55 points total broken down as follows:

- Title = 1 point

- Hypothesis = 2 points

- Materials = 5 points

- Procedure = 10 points

- Data = 10 points

- Questions = 15 points (5 points each)

- Conclusion = 12 points

Newton's First Law of Motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Newton's Second Law of Motion states that force, mass and acceleration are related. It is commonly summarized by the formula: Force = mass x acceleration.

Newton's Third Law of Motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Forces always act in pairs.

Things to Remember:

- Speed is the measure of the rate of motion. Speed = distance ) time.

- Friction is the force that opposes motion. The strength of the force of friction depends on two factors: the types of surfaces involved and how hard the surfaces push together. There are three types of friction; sliding, rolling and fluid.

- Momentum. All moving objects have momentum. The more momentum an object has, the harder it is to stop. Momentum depends on the mass of the object and the velocity with which it is travelling. Momentum = mass x velocity

- Inertia is the measure of an object's tendency to say at rest or stay in constant motion. Inertia is dependent upon mass.

Rockets use Newton's third Law of Motion to propel them. The balloon rocket is powered by escaping air using Newton's Third Law. It's motion is determined by Newton's First and Second Laws.

Hypothesis: Newton's Laws of Motion can be used to explain a rocket's motion because Newton's Laws explain all aspects of motion.

Three (3) balloons of different sizes and shapes

Drinking straws

String

Tape

Meter stick

Stopwatch

Calculator

1. Following the teacher's directions, run a string across the classroom to make a rocket path. One person will need to tightly hold the other end of the string to make a rocket track.
1. Blow up the balloon but don't tie it closed. Carefully tape the straw lengthwise on the balloon.
1. Thread the loose end of the string through the straw with the open end of the balloon pointing toward the loose end of the string.
1. Line up the starting point with the front of your balloon.
1. The person holding the stopwatch says "Go" and starts the stopwatch as the person holding the end of the balloon lets go.
1. Stop the stopwatch when the balloon stops. Record the time to the nearest 100^th of a second in the appropriate data table.
1. Measure the distance the balloon traveled in centimeters (cm) and record the distance in the appropriate data table. (Measure from starting point to front of balloon stop)
1. Repeat steps 3 through 6 two more times with the same balloon.
1. Repeat steps 2 through 7 with your second balloon of a different size and shape.
1. Repeat steps 2 through 7 with your third balloon of a different size or shape than your first or second balloon.
1. Calculate the average speed for each trial and then the overall average speed for each of the three balloon rockets.

1. Add together the three distances from your trials to obtain your total distance. 2. Add together your three times from your trials to get your total time. 3. Now use the formula: Average speed = Total distance ) total time to calculate your overall speed.

Second Balloon used:_____________________________________________

Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper. You must answer the questions using complete sentences. Thorough explanations are required.

1. Compare and contrast the distances traveled by your balloon rockets. Which balloon rocket went the greatest distance? Which balloon rocket went the least distance?
1. Compare and contrast the average overall speed for each balloon rocket. Which balloon has the greatest average speed? Which balloon has the least average speed?
1. What aspects of these balloons rockets made them travel far and fast?
1. Using the information you know and have reviewed about forces, draw a diagram showing all the forces acting on the balloon rockets.
1. Use Newton's Three Laws of Motion to explain the motion of a balloon rocket from launch until it comes to a stop.

Conclusion: Write a conclusion for Part 1 of this experiment. (Remember: Your first sentence should correspond with your hypothesis. Your explanation should tell how you know that your first sentence is true.)

You have learned how Newton's Three Laws of Motion govern the relationship of forces and motion. You will use Newton's Third Law to build a scooter.

Your goal: To design and construct a vehicle that is powered only through Newton's Third Law of Motion.

Your vehicle must:

• move forward by pushing back on something
• not be powered by any form of electricity or use gravity in order to move (no downhill slopes allowed on this one)
• travel a minimum distance of 150 cm on the front teacher table/desk

Upon completion, you must demonstrate your Newton Scooter and complete a lab write-up.

Brainstorm possible designs for your vehicle but be careful not to lock yourself into a single idea. Remember that a car with wheels is only one type of vehicle. Remember the information you found when researching Newton's Laws on the internet. Ask friends and family members for ideas and suggestions. Try to think of ways to recycle household materials to build your vehicle.

Sharing of ideas. On day two you will first share ideas with your group. Members of your group will consult a member from another group and share ideas. Return to your own group, share any new ideas and come up with a plan for your group's vehicle. Decide on construction materials and who will bring what items.

The vehicle for your project will need to accelerate from a resting position. From Newton's Second Law of Motion, you know that Force = mass x acceleration or Acceleration = Force ) mass. This means you have two ways of increasing acceleration: increasing force or decreasing mass. How can you either increase the force acting on your vehicle or decrease it's mass?

Draw a diagram of your vehicle. Use labeled arrows to show each place that a force is acting on it. Be sure to include friction forces in your diagram. Brainstorm ways to reduce forces that slow down your vehicle.

Construct your vehicle. Is your vehicle powered according to Newton's Third Law of Motion? Add to your diagram so that it shows the force exerted by your vehicle and the force exerted on your vehicle to make it move. What exerts the force that moves your vehicle? Be ready to explain the diagram to other students.

Have you tested your vehicle to make sure it will work? Be prepared to identify all the forces acting on the vehicle. List at least three features you included in the design of the vehicle that led to an improvement in it's performance.

Group is at the front of the room. Determine prior to demonstration how each member will take part in the demonstration.

• Show vehicle - put at start, determine if it travels at least 150 cm
• Identify all the forces acting on the vehicle
• Tell design features to improve performance
• Tell how Newton's First Law of Motion applies
• Tell how you could measure the force needed using Newton's Second Law of Motion
• Confirm with your peers that it is powered by Newton's Third Law of Motion

Title: Be sure to give your lab write-up a title that applies

Hypothesis: Should correspond with your goal

Materials: List everything that would be needed to repeat this experiment.

Procedure: Write out the steps of your procedure carefully. Someone else should be able to follow your procedure to construct a Newton Scooter like yours.

Data: Your data should include a diagram of your vehicle showing all the forces affecting it.

Questions: Include answers to the following questions in your lab write up. You must answer the questions using complete sentences and thorough explanations.

1. Did your vehicle move forward by pushing back on something? Explain your answer.
1. Was your vehicle powered by Newton's Third Law of Motion and not by any form of electricity or gravity? Explain your answer.
1. Did your vehicle travel a minimum of 150 centimeters? Why or why not? (I should see words like mass, acceleration, inertia and momentum in this explanation.)

Conclusion: Remember: Your first sentence should correspond with your hypothesis. Your explanation should tell how you know that your first sentence is true.